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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
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Upper limb anatomy and preoperative mapping.

Joaquim Vallespin1, Mario Meola2, Jose Ibeas3

  • 1Department of Vascular Surgery, Parc Taulí University Hospital, Parc Taulí Research and Innovation Institute (I3PT), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

The Journal of Vascular Access
|September 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vascular access is crucial for hemodialysis quality and patient outcomes. This review details essential anatomical and ultrasound mapping techniques for optimal vascular access planning and creation, minimizing complications.

Keywords:
Ultrasonography – Doppler evaluationanatomyarteryatlasdialysis accesshaemodialysishaemodynamicsmaturationpreoperative mappingvascular accessvein

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Surgery
  • Nephrology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Vascular access is vital for hemodialysis, directly impacting treatment quality and patient morbidity.
  • Continuous monitoring and surveillance are necessary to prevent vascular access maturation failure and thrombosis.
  • Multidisciplinary collaboration is key to achieving adequate vascular access flow with minimal complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review essential anatomical and hemodynamic concepts of the arterial and venous systems.
  • To explain ultrasound mapping techniques for vascular access planning.
  • To discuss criteria for adequate vascular access creation to minimize failure and complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical and hemodynamic principles of the upper limb vasculature.
  • Explanation of Doppler ultrasound mapping procedures.
  • Discussion of best practices for vascular access creation.

Main Results:

  • Understanding vascular anatomy and hemodynamics is fundamental for planning.
  • Doppler ultrasound provides essential data for optimizing vascular access.
  • Adherence to specific creation criteria reduces the risk of complications.

Conclusions:

  • Effective vascular access planning, utilizing anatomical knowledge and ultrasound mapping, is critical for successful hemodialysis.
  • Optimizing vascular access creation minimizes complications and improves patient outcomes.
  • A multidisciplinary approach enhances the quality and longevity of vascular access.