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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

367
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
367
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

685
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
685
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

526
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
526
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

595
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
595
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

363
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
363
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

806
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Risk of Developing Epilepsy after Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Ariadna Gifreu1, Mercè Falip1, Jacint Sala-Padró1

  • 1Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.

Brain Sciences
|September 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune encephalitis can lead to epilepsy. Key predictors include hippocampal atrophy, EEG abnormalities, and delayed immunotherapy, aiding in early risk identification for patients with autoimmune encephalitis.

Keywords:
acute symptomatic seizuresacute symptomatic seizures related to autoimmune encephalitisautoimmune encephalitisautoimmune-related epilepsyhippocampal atrophyimmunotherapyinterictal epileptiform discharges

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Use of a Wireless Video-EEG System to Monitor Epileptiform Discharges Following Lateral Fluid-Percussion Induced Traumatic Brain Injury
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Acute symptomatic seizures are common in autoimmune encephalitis (AE).
  • The long-term risk of developing epilepsy after AE and its predictive factors are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the risk of epilepsy following AE.
  • To identify factors associated with epilepsy development in AE patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective single-center study of AE patients meeting established criteria.
  • Minimum 12-month follow-up post-AE resolution.
  • Patients categorized based on epilepsy development.

Main Results:

  • 19 patients analyzed; 57.89% developed epilepsy.
  • Epilepsy correlated with hippocampal atrophy (p=0.037), interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) on EEG (p=0.045), and delayed immunotherapy (p=0.016).
  • 15.8% died, 21.1% experienced AE relapses.

Conclusions:

  • Hippocampal atrophy on MRI, IED on EEG, and delayed immunotherapy are potential predictors of epilepsy in AE.
  • Early identification of these factors may allow for timely intervention.