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Non-equilibrium systems with reactions can break time-reversal symmetry (TRS) in two ways. We introduce Model AB+, unifying these mechanisms to reveal a new

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Chemical Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Non-equilibrium systems with reactions, like biomolecular condensates and bacterial colonies, exhibit time-reversal symmetry (TRS) breaking.
  • TRS violation can occur through incompatible free energies (Model AB) or diffusive dynamics (Active Model B+).
  • These distinct mechanisms can independently lead to microphase separation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and investigate Model AB+, which incorporates both known mechanisms of TRS violation simultaneously.
  • To explore the emergent phenomena in systems where reactive and diffusive dynamics compete.
  • To characterize a novel form of hierarchical microphase separation.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of non-equilibrium phase separation.
  • Analysis of reactive and diffusive dynamics within a unified framework.
  • Gradient expansion and identification of distinct TRS violation mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Model AB+ unifies two leading mechanisms of time-reversal symmetry violation in reactive systems.
  • For slow reaction rates, a new 'bubbly microphase separation' is observed.
  • This state features continuous creation and absorption of small droplets within larger ones, with length-scales governed by competing dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Model AB+ provides a comprehensive framework for studying systems with competing reactive and diffusive dynamics.
  • Bubbly microphase separation represents a novel hierarchical self-organization driven by simultaneous TRS violation mechanisms.
  • The interplay between reaction rates and diffusive dynamics dictates the emergent length scales in these complex systems.