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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

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Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
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Progressive brain structural abnormality in depression assessed with MR imaging by using causal network analysis.

Shaoqiang Han1,2,3,4,5,6,7, Ruiping Zheng1,2,3,4,5,6,7, Shuying Li8

  • 1Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Psychological Medicine
|September 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Depression causes progressive brain gray matter volume changes, starting in the hippocampus and vmPFC and spreading to other regions over time. This supports the neuroprogressive nature of depression.

Keywords:
Causal network of structural covariancedepressionmorphometric MRIprogression

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Depression is a neuroprogressive illness associated with widespread brain structural abnormalities.
  • The specific pattern of progressive structural alteration in depression is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the progressive structural alterations in the brain associated with depression based on illness duration.
  • To identify specific brain regions affected at different stages of depression.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 195 never-treated first-episode depression patients and 130 healthy controls (HCs).
  • Utilized T1-weighted MRI scans and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to assess gray matter volume (GMV).
  • Employed causal structural covariance network (CaSCN) analysis to explore causal relationships between GMV alterations across illness stages.

Main Results:

  • Patients with depression showed stage-specific GMV alterations compared to HCs.
  • Early-stage alterations were observed in the hippocampus, thalamus, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC).
  • The hippocampus and vmPFC causally influenced regions like the nucleus accumbens, precuneus, and cerebellum, with the hippocampus also linked to the dorsolateral frontal gyrus.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the neuroprogressive hypothesis of depression.
  • Progressive morphological alterations originate from the vmPFC and hippocampus, expanding to other brain areas.
  • This study provides insights into the detailed progression of structural brain changes in depression.