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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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1.3K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
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2.0K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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100,000-spin coherent Ising machine.

Toshimori Honjo1, Tomohiro Sonobe2, Kensuke Inaba1

  • 1NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan.

Science Advances
|September 29, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new coherent Ising machine (CIM) using over 100,000 pulses solves complex optimization problems much faster than traditional methods. This quantum computing approach shows promise for machine learning applications requiring rapid random sampling.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Computing
  • Computational Physics
  • Optimization Algorithms

Background:

  • Digital computers face performance limitations.
  • Physical system-based computers offer potential solutions.
  • Coherent Ising Machines (CIMs) are designed for combinatorial optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report on a large-scale Coherent Ising Machine (CIM).
  • To demonstrate the CIM's capability in solving complex optimization problems.
  • To evaluate the CIM's performance against established algorithms.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a CIM utilizing 100,512 degenerate optical parametric oscillator pulses as Ising spins.
  • Testing the CIM on maximum cut problems for large-scale graphs (100,000 nodes).
  • Comparison of CIM performance with standard simulated annealing algorithms.

Main Results:

  • The CIM achieved significantly faster solutions for 100,000-node graph maximum cut problems compared to simulated annealing.
  • Operation near the phase transition point yielded exceptionally high-quality solutions.
  • The CIM demonstrated a broad solution distribution, beneficial for random sampling tasks.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CIM represents a significant advancement in quantum computing for optimization.
  • The machine's speed and solution quality surpass conventional methods for specific problems.
  • The CIM's characteristics are highly suitable for machine learning and other random sampling applications.