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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

55.8K
The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

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For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

33.0K
Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...
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Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Detection of Homologous Recombination Intermediates via Proximity Ligation and Quantitative PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
07:55

Detection of Homologous Recombination Intermediates via Proximity Ligation and Quantitative PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: September 11, 2022

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Single-molecule junction spontaneously restored by DNA zipper.

Takanori Harashima1, Shintaro Fujii1, Yuki Jono1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-11 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan.

Nature Communications
|October 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel DNA zipper configuration for molecular electronics, achieving high conductance in a 90-mer DNA molecule. This innovative approach demonstrates self-restoring capabilities for reliable single-molecule junctions.

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Single-Molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Methods for Real-Time Investigation of the Holliday Junction Resolution by GEN1
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Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Dynamics of Eukaryotic DNA Replication Through Single-Molecule Visualization
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Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Dynamics of Eukaryotic DNA Replication Through Single-Molecule Visualization
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular electronics
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Electrical properties of DNA are crucial for molecular electronics.
  • Previous research focused on static DNA structures, neglecting higher-order forms.
  • Short DNA molecules limit electrical measurements due to sharp conductance decrease with length.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate electrical properties of higher-order DNA structures.
  • To explore DNA structural changes in single-molecule electronic devices.
  • To develop a method for stable single-molecule junction formation.

Main Methods:

  • A DNA zipper configuration was designed to form a single-molecule junction.
  • The DNA duplex was positioned perpendicular to the nanogap axis between metal electrodes.
  • Electrical measurements were performed on the 90-mer DNA zipper junction.

Main Results:

  • The 90-mer DNA zipper junction exhibited high electrical conductance.
  • High conductance is attributed to the delocalized π system within the DNA duplex.
  • The single-molecule junction demonstrated self-restoring capability after electrical failure.

Conclusions:

  • The DNA zipper strategy enables stable single-molecule junction formation.
  • This approach overcomes limitations of measuring longer DNA molecules.
  • The findings provide a foundation for designing novel single-molecule electronic devices.