Construction of a 3D Surgical Model for Minimally Invasive Partial Nephrectomy: the Urotrainer VK-1

Minimally invasive partial nephrectomy (MIPN) is a very challenging technique and complications may occur during its learning curve. It is important to acquire surgical skills to minimize operative risks. Surgical skills may be acquired through simulation devices or mentoring by a mentor.

We designed a 3D operable model with multiple and variant surgical scenarios in order to facilitate surgical training in MIPN. The model delivered a real-life feel and handle. To our knowledge, this is the first minimally invasive partial nephrectomy simulator to encompass a series of scenarios with multiple levels of difficulty while delivering a real-life experience.