Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
Published on: January 29, 2018
Bone Health
Ivy Akid1, Danielle J Doberman2
1Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Section of Palliative Medicine, JHUSOM, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street Blalock 371, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Abstract:
The gold standard for diagnosis of osteoporosis is measurement of an individual's bone mineral density on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan. If this value is less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations less than that of an adult female reference population, a person is said to have osteoporosis, with this risk increasing as a person ages. Female gender is a large risk factor in developing osteoporosis, regardless of ethnic or racial group. Frailty is another key factor in determining likelihood to develop osteoporotic fractures. Bisphosphonates are the first line agents for treatment of osteoporosis.
Related Concept Videos
Bone Disorders
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
What is the Skeletal System?
The Bone Matrix
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...

