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Updated: Oct 18, 2025

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy.

Rubens Copia Sperandio¹, Roberto Carmagnani Pestana¹, Beatriz Viesser Miyamura²

¹Centro de Oncologia e Hematologia Einstein Família Dayan-Daycoval, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, 05652-900, Brazil.

Annual Review of Medicine

|October 4, 2021

Summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment is evolving. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with other therapies show promise, improving outcomes compared to traditional treatments like sorafenib.

Keywords:

carcinoma therapy hepatocellular carcinoma immune checkpoint inhibitors liver cancer

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunotherapy

Background:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death globally.
Single-agent anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) showed early promise but failed in Phase III trials.
Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab combination therapy is approved for HCC first-line treatment, outperforming sorafenib.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the latest advancements and concepts in using ICIs for HCC management.
To highlight the evolving landscape of HCC treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

Review of current clinical trials and literature on ICIs in HCC.
Analysis of combination therapies involving ICIs with other agents or local treatments.

Main Results:

Combination of atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) and bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) significantly improved response rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival versus sorafenib.
Ongoing trials explore combinations of ICIs with each other or targeted agents, and in earlier disease stages with local therapies.

Conclusions:

ICIs, particularly in combination regimens, represent a significant advancement in HCC treatment.
Future research focuses on optimizing ICI combinations and integrating them with local therapies for improved HCC patient outcomes.