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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

A Chromatin Assay for Human Brain Tissue
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Chromatin dynamics in human brain development and disease.

Alfredo M Valencia1, Sergiu P Pașca1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Trends in Cell Biology
|October 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Mutations in chromatin-related genes impact brain development, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. New profiling techniques and cellular models are helping scientists understand these complex chromatinopathies.

Keywords:
assembloidschromatinchromatinopathiesneurodevelopmentorganoids

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Chromatin-related genes are frequently implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • The precise mechanisms by which these genetic alterations affect brain development remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how recent advances in technology can elucidate the role of chromatin perturbations in neurodevelopment.
  • To enhance the understanding of neurodevelopment and chromatinopathies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing cutting-edge transcriptional and chromatin profiling techniques.
  • Employing advanced cellular models to study gene function and dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Recent technological advancements are beginning to provide insights into the molecular underpinnings of neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • The study highlights the potential of integrated profiling and cellular models to unravel complex biological processes.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in transcriptional and chromatin profiling, coupled with cellular models, are crucial for understanding neurodevelopment and chromatinopathies.
  • Further research in this area promises to deepen our knowledge of brain assembly and function in the context of genetic mutations.