3D tumor angiogenesis models: recent advances and challenges.

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Cancer Biology
• Vascular Biology

Background:

• Angiogenesis, or blood vessel development, is crucial for solid tumor growth and metastasis.
• Tumor angiogenesis is regulated by complex molecular balances and involves mechanisms like HIF-1/VEGF signaling, progenitor cell recruitment, and vasculogenic mimicry.
• Endothelial cell heterogeneity and distinct tumor endothelial cell characteristics highlight limitations in current angiogenesis models.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in 3D tumor vascular model systems.
• To discuss the importance of these models in replicating tumor angiogenesis.
• To identify challenges in designing improved tumor vascular models for personalized medicine.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on 3D tumor vascular models.
• Categorization of models into tissue engineering-based, vascular organoid, and organ-on-chip systems.
• Analysis of the capabilities and limitations of each model type.

Main Results:

• 3D tumor vascular models, including tissue engineering, organoids, and organ-on-chips, offer improved replication of tumor angiogenesis.
• These models can better account for endothelial cell heterogeneity and tumor-specific characteristics.
• Advancements in these systems are crucial for understanding tumor biology and developing personalized cancer therapies.

Conclusions:

• 3D tumor vascular models represent a significant step forward in studying tumor angiogenesis.
• Further development is needed to overcome challenges and fully realize the potential of these models for personalized medicine.
• These advanced models are vital for dissecting tumor vascularization mechanisms and informing clinical applications.