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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

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Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
Axial Muscles
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Axial spondyloarthritis.

Victoria Navarro-Compán1, Alexandre Sepriano2, Bassel El-Zorkany3

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
|October 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory condition causing back pain. Effective management, including NSAIDs, biologics, and JAK inhibitors, is crucial to prevent irreversible damage.

Keywords:
ankylosingepidemiologyhealth careoutcome assessmentspondylitis

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the axial skeleton.
  • Common symptoms include chronic back pain and spinal stiffness, with frequent peripheral and extra-musculoskeletal manifestations.
  • Diagnosis involves clinical, laboratory, and imaging features, with the Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society criteria widely used in research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the understanding of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).
  • To highlight the importance of managing disease activity to prevent structural damage and functional decline.
  • To outline current and emerging pharmacological treatment options for axSpA.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical patterns, laboratory findings, and imaging features for axSpA diagnosis.
  • Application of the Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria.
  • Evaluation of disease activity measurement tools like the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score.

Main Results:

  • Sustained disease activity in axSpA leads to irreversible structural damage and impaired functioning.
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physiotherapy are first-line treatments.
  • Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, interleukin-17 inhibitors, and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are effective second-line and emerging therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt and effective management of axSpA is essential to prevent long-term consequences.
  • A multi-modal approach combining pharmacotherapy and physiotherapy is recommended.
  • Emerging therapies like JAK inhibitors offer new avenues for symptom improvement in axSpA.