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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia
10:49

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Published on: September 18, 2013

Accelerated bone formation causing profound hypocalcemia in acute leukemia.

D P Schenkein, W C O'Neill, J Shapiro

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |September 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This case study shows acute monocytic leukemia causing severe hypocalcemia due to accelerated bone formation. Treatment with cytarabine, hydroxyurea, calcitriol, and etidronate achieved remission and corrected mineral imbalances.

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    Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia
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    Published on: September 18, 2013

    Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation
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    Simplified Intrafemoral Injections Using Live Mice Allow for Continuous Bone Marrow Analysis
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    Published on: November 10, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Hematology
    • Oncology
    • Endocrinology

    Background:

    • Acute monocytic leukemia (AML) can present with complex metabolic disturbances.
    • Fibrosis and osteosclerosis are rare but significant findings in AML.
    • Severe hypocalcemia can lead to life-threatening cardiac complications.

    Observation:

    • A patient with AML and fibrosis exhibited severe hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia.
    • Cardiac dysfunction, including ventricular tachycardia with torsades de pointes, was noted.
    • Bone marrow biopsy revealed fibrosis, thickened trabeculae, and increased calcification rates.

    Findings:

    • Treatment with low-dose cytarabine and hydroxyurea induced complete remission of leukemia and fibrosis.
    • Resolution of hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia occurred post-treatment.
    • Left ventricular ejection fraction improved significantly with correction of hypocalcemia.

    Implications:

    • Leukemic cell-stimulated accelerated bone formation is a likely cause of hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia in this AML patient.
    • Combination therapy including calcitriol may play a role in AML remission.
    • Metabolic derangements in AML require comprehensive management for improved patient outcomes.