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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Persistent Postthyroidectomy Hypoparathyroidism in the Netherlands.

Ivona Loncar1, Milou E Noltes2,3, Chris Dickhoff4

  • 1Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

JAMA Otolaryngology-- Head & Neck Surgery
|October 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent hypoparathyroidism affects 15% of patients after thyroidectomy. This study highlights the need for standardized definitions and treatments to reduce this common complication.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Complications
  • Thyroid Surgery

Background:

  • Hypoparathyroidism is a frequent complication following thyroidectomy.
  • Existing literature shows highly variable incidence rates for this condition.
  • There is a need for precise data to guide efforts in reducing complication rates and standardizing treatment protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of persistent hypoparathyroidism post-thyroidectomy in patients treated at university hospitals.
  • To analyze how different definitions of hypoparathyroidism affect its reported incidence.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective multicenter cohort study.
  • Inclusion of 200 patients undergoing total or completion thyroidectomy across 7 Dutch university hospitals in 2016.
  • Data analysis in January 2021.

Main Results:

  • 15.0% of patients (30 out of 200) developed persistent hypoparathyroidism.
  • The incidence varied from 14.5% to 28.5% based on the definition used (e.g., 1 year vs. 6 months post-surgery).
  • The study included 143 women (71.5%) with a mean age of 49.0 years.

Conclusions:

  • The risk of persistent hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy in university hospital settings is 15%.
  • The high incidence underscores the necessity for focused efforts to minimize this complication.
  • Discrepancies in defining and treating persistent hypoparathyroidism necessitate uniform, evidence-based guidelines for better comparability of interventions.