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Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo
Published on: April 6, 2022
Molecular aspects of fructose metabolism and metabolic disease
Mark A Herman1, Morris J Birnbaum2
1Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Abstract:
Excessive sugar consumption is increasingly considered as a contributor to the emerging epidemics of obesity and the associated cardiometabolic disease. Sugar is added to the diet in the form of sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup, both of which comprise nearly equal amounts of glucose and fructose. The unique aspects of fructose metabolism and properties of fructose-derived metabolites allow for fructose to serve as a physiological signal of normal dietary sugar consumption. However, when fructose is consumed in excess, these unique properties may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disease. Here, we review the biochemistry, genetics, and physiology of fructose metabolism and consider mechanisms by which excessive fructose consumption may contribute to metabolic disease. Lastly, we consider new therapeutic options for the treatment of metabolic disease based upon this knowledge.
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