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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

46.1K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice
09:33

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Published on: March 22, 2018

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Evolving the olfactory system with machine learning.

Peter Y Wang1, Yi Sun2, Richard Axel3

  • 1The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.

Neuron
|October 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial neural networks trained on olfactory tasks mimic the complex connectivity of biological olfactory systems. This suggests that evolution

Keywords:
machine learning, AI, olfaction, evolution, neural circuits, perception, sensory processing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Biology
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • The olfactory systems of flies and mice exhibit convergent evolution.
  • Understanding the principles governing olfactory circuit design is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained on olfactory tasks develop similar anatomic connectivity and functional logic as biological systems.
  • To explore the evolutionary principles underlying olfactory circuit organization.

Main Methods:

  • Training ANNs to classify odor identity.
  • Training ANNs to classify odor identity and impart innate valence.
  • Analyzing the connectivity patterns and functional pathways within the trained ANNs.

Main Results:

  • ANNs trained for odor classification recapitulated the glomerulus structure and sparse connectivity of biological olfactory systems.
  • Networks trained for both identity and valence classification developed distinct pathways for each function.
  • Input units in the ANN were driven by single receptor types, mirroring biological systems.

Conclusions:

  • Convergent evolution in olfactory systems may reflect underlying computational logic rather than solely shared developmental principles.
  • ANNs can serve as valuable models for understanding the evolution of neural circuits.
  • The study provides insights into the fundamental organization of olfactory processing across different species and artificial systems.