Estimation of electric field impact in deep brain stimulation from axon diameter distribution in the human brain

Objective.Finite element method (FEM) simulations of the electric field magnitude (EF) are commonly used to estimate the affected tissue surrounding the active contact of deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads. Previous studies have found that DBS starts to noticeably activate axons at approximately 0.2 V mm^-1, corresponding to activation of 3.4μm axons in simulations of individual axon triggering. Most axons in the brain are considerably smaller however, and the effect of the electric field is thus expected to be stronger with increasing EF as more and more axons become activated. The objective of this study is to estimate the fraction of activated axons as a function of electric field magnitude.Approach. The EF thresholds required for axon stimulation of myelinated axon diameters between 1 and 5μm were obtained from a combined cable and Hodgkin-Huxley model in a FEM-simulated electric field from a Medtronic 3389 lead. These thresholds were compared with the average axon diameter distribution from literature from several structures in the human brain to obtain an estimate of the fraction of axons activated at EF levels between 0.1 and 1.8 V mm^-1.Main results. The effect of DBS is estimated to be 47·EF-8.8% starting at a threshold levelEF_t0 = 0.19 V mm^-1.Significance. The fraction of activated axons from DBS in a voxel is estimated to increase linearly with EF above the threshold level of 0.19 V mm^-1. This means linear regression between EF above 0.19 V mm^-1and clinical outcome is a suitable statistical method when doing improvement maps for DBS.