Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

13.5K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
13.5K
States of Water01:23

States of Water

54.4K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
54.4K
Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

24.8K
When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
24.8K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

18.5K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
18.5K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

45.3K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
45.3K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

19.4K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
19.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Passive Freeze-Out of the Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Erratum: "X-ray diffraction at the National Ignition Facility" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91, 043902 (2020)].

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same author

Effect on compression of lowering the design adiabat in the SQ-n campaign.

Physical review. E·2025
Same author

First Demonstration of Improved Fusion Yield with Increased Compression through Reduced Adiabat in Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments at the National Ignition Facility.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Multiframe X-ray diffraction on the OMEGA EP laser.

The Review of scientific instruments·2025
Same author

The structure of liquid carbon elucidated by in situ X-ray diffraction.

Nature·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
08:01

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

Published on: August 18, 2022

3.2K

Metastability of Liquid Water Freezing into Ice VII under Dynamic Compression.

M C Marshall1,2, M Millot1, D E Fratanduono1

  • 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|October 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Liquid water remains stable at higher pressures than previously thought. Nanosecond laser compression experiments show water

More Related Videos

An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
07:48

An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions

Published on: June 18, 2020

7.0K
Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
08:16

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Published on: March 13, 2017

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 17, 2025

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
08:01

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

Published on: August 18, 2022

3.2K
An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
07:48

An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions

Published on: June 18, 2020

7.0K
Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
08:16

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Published on: March 13, 2017

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Water's unique properties, including metastability, are crucial for understanding phase transformations.
  • Previous studies on water metastability have focused on lower compression rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the metastability limit of liquid water under rapid, nearly isentropic compression.
  • To determine if liquid water can persist in the stable ice VII region under high pressure.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing nanosecond compression via high-power laser to induce nonequilibrium conditions.
  • Conducting experimental measurements alongside theoretical-computational analysis based on classical nucleation theory.

Main Results:

  • Liquid water was observed to persist into the stable ice VII region under laser-induced compression.
  • The metastability limit for liquid water under rapid, nearly isentropic compression was determined to be at least 8 GPa.
  • This pressure is higher than the previously reported 7 GPa limit at lower compression rates.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid compression significantly extends the metastability limit of liquid water.
  • These findings challenge previous understandings of water's phase behavior under extreme conditions.
  • The study highlights the importance of compression rate in determining phase transition boundaries.