Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Fluid Mosaic Model

Fluid Mosaic Model

Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich...

The Fluid Mosaic Model

The Fluid Mosaic Model

The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium

First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium

Recall that a particle in equilibrium is one for which the external forces are balanced. Static equilibrium involves objects at rest, and dynamic equilibrium involves objects in motion without acceleration; but it is important to remember that these conditions are relative. For instance, an object may be at rest when viewed from one frame of reference, but that same object would appear to be in motion when viewed by someone moving at a constant velocity.
Newton's first law tells us about...

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cilostazol use and calf muscle pathophysiology in people with peripheral artery disease.

Vascular medicine (London, England)·2026

Same author

Plasmonic and surface-enhanced Raman nanobiosensors for quantitative molecular detection.

Discover nano·2026

Same author

Multi-ancestry, trans-generational GWAS meta-analysis of gestational diabetes and glycaemic traits during pregnancy reveals limited evidence of pregnancy-specific genetic effects.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Persistent paramagnons in high-temperature infinite-layer nickelate superconductors.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Ovariectomy and Chemical Ovarian Failure Exacerbate Atherosclerosis without Impairing Limb Recovery in Experimental Peripheral Artery Disease.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Enteric-coated magnesium-propelled polymersome nanomotors for pH-triggered intestinal activation and mucosal IgA induction.

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Spatially Modulated Superfluid State in Two-Dimensional ^{4}He Films.

Jaewon Choi¹, Alexey A Zadorozhko¹, Jeakyung Choi¹

¹Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.

Physical Review Letters

|October 8, 2021

Summary

Researchers studied superfluidity in helium-4 films on graphite. They found genuine superfluidity in the second layer, coexisting with structural orders, suggesting exotic quantum states like supersolids.

More Related Videos

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Published on: February 1, 2017

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

Published on: January 9, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Published on: February 1, 2017

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Quantum Fluids

Background:

The second layer of helium-4 films on graphite provides a unique system to investigate the coupling between superfluidity and structural order.
Understanding these interactions is crucial for exploring novel quantum phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally probe the superfluid properties of the second helium-4 layer on graphite.
To establish the phase diagram and identify coexisting phases and potential exotic quantum states.

Main Methods:

Utilized a rigid two-frequency torsional oscillator to study the helium-4 film.
Varied temperature and helium-4 atomic density to map the phase diagram.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that superfluid density is independent of frequency, providing evidence for genuine superfluidity.
Revealed a phase diagram where superfluidity coexists with hexatic density-wave correlation and a registered solid phase.

Conclusions:

The second helium-4 layer is a promising candidate for hosting spatially modulated superfluid and supersolid phases.
These exotic states arise from the complex interplay between superfluid and structural orders.