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Related Concept Videos

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
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Sensory Modalities01:15

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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback
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Humans Use a Temporally Local Code for Vibrotactile Perception.

Arindam Bhattacharjee1,2, Christoph Braun3,4,5, Cornelius Schwarz6,2

  • 1Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience.

Eneuro
|October 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human tactile system uses a "temporally local" coding scheme to rapidly analyze skin vibrations from frictional movement. This processing, potentially involving Pacinian corpuscles (PCs), prioritizes pulse shape over simple intensity or frequency for tactile perception.

Keywords:
computer simulationhumanpsychophysicstactile codingvibrotactile

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Last Updated: Oct 17, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Physiology
  • Psychophysics

Background:

  • Sensory systems process physical environmental features using specialized mechanisms.
  • Tactile sensation involves integument vibrations from frictional movement, typically under 10 ms.
  • Current models focus on intensity and frequency, but a "temporally local" coding may be more effective for shape analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the human tactile system utilizes a "temporally local" coding scheme.
  • To determine if the shape of short-lasting tactile stimuli influences perception.
  • To explore the neural basis for this potential coding scheme.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized analytic psychophysical measurements with pulsatile skin indentations at the fingertip.
  • Manipulated local pulse shape while controlling global intensity and frequency.
  • Employed an established encoding model for primary afferent responses to indentation stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Psychophysical performance was significantly affected by manipulations of local pulse shape.
  • Evidence suggests humans employ a temporally local coding scheme for perceptual decisions.
  • No single kinematic variable explained all observed preferences; different ranges of pulse shapes favored different variables.
  • Encoding model simulations indicated Pacinian corpuscles (PCs) responses align with observed human kinematic preferences.

Conclusions:

  • The human tactile system likely employs a "temporally local" coding scheme to perceive features of short-lasting vibrations.
  • This coding appears to be sensitive to the dynamic shape of tactile stimuli, not just intensity or frequency.
  • Pacinian corpuscles (PCs) are a plausible neural substrate for this temporally local tactile coding.