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Related Concept Videos

Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

71.8K
The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...
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Renal Corpuscle01:20

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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimizing iPSC Differentiation for Efficient Production to Generate Kidney Organoids
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Kidney development to kidney organoids and back again.

Navin Gupta1, Ryuji Morizane2

  • 1Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI), Cambridge, MA, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|October 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Kidney organoid technology advances kidney developmental biology by creating 3D structures from human stem cells. These organoids mimic in vivo architecture, aiding research into kidney cell and tissue generation.

Keywords:
Kidney developmentKidney organoidsMetanephric mesenchymeNephronStem cellUreteric bud

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Human pluripotent stem cells can generate kidney organoids, 3D structures mimicking kidney architecture.
  • Kidney organoids contain specific kidney cell types, advancing developmental biology research.
  • Mammalian kidney development involves reciprocal induction between metanephric mesenchyme (MM) and ureteric bud (UB).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize directed differentiation protocols for nephron and collecting duct kidney organoids.
  • To highlight similarities and differences between nephron and collecting duct organoid generation.
  • To discuss limitations and future directions for improving kidney organoid technology.

Main Methods:

  • Directed differentiation protocols for generating kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells.
  • Comparative analysis of protocols for nephron and collecting duct organoid development.
  • Review of developmental biology studies informing organoid generation.

Main Results:

  • Established protocols generate kidney organoids with in vivo-like cellular distribution.
  • Distinct protocols are required for nephron and collecting duct organoid differentiation due to developmental divergence.
  • Current methods show limitations in fully recapitulating kidney development.

Conclusions:

  • Kidney organoid technology is a powerful tool for studying kidney development.
  • Further understanding of anterior intermediate mesoderm (IM) is crucial for improving collecting duct organoid protocols.
  • Future developmental biology research will be instrumental in advancing kidney organoid technology.