Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Heart Rate01:30

Factors Influencing Heart Rate

5.3K
The heart rate, or pulse rate, is a vital indicator of cardiovascular health. It reflects the number of times the heart beats per minute. Various physiological and environmental factors influence heart rate, increasing or decreasing cardiac output. Understanding these factors is crucial for assessing heart function and identifying potential health issues.
Let us explore the significant factors affecting heart rate, including age, body temperature, posture, acute pain, chemical influences,...
5.3K
Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

Regulation of Heart Rates

2.7K
The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The SNS increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action increases the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's...
2.7K
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

1.6K
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
1.6K
Increased pulse rate01:17

Increased pulse rate

790
Tachycardia is a condition marked by an abnormally fast or irregular heart rate, surpassing the typical resting rate. In adults, tachycardia is characterized by a pulse rate ranging from 100 to 180 beats per minute. The increased heart rate can result in inadequate blood flow to various body parts, ultimately diminishing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues.
Many factors can elevate the risk of developing tachycardia. These include advanced age, a family history of arrhythmias, and an...
790
Exercise Stress Test01:26

Exercise Stress Test

586
Introduction
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
Definition
An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes
586
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

894
Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
894

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Identification of heart rate dynamics during treadmill and cycle ergometer exercise: the role of model zeros and dead time.

F1000Research·2024
Same author

Feedback control of heart rate during robotics-assisted tilt table exercise in patients after stroke: a clinical feasibility study.

Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation·2024
Same author

Reliability of five-minute <i>vs.</i> one-hour heart rate variability metrics in individuals with spinal cord injury.

PeerJ·2023
Same author

Feedback control of heart rate during treadmill exercise based on a two-phase response model.

PloS one·2023
Same author

Heart rate variability changes with respect to time and exercise intensity during heart-rate-controlled steady-state treadmill running.

Scientific reports·2023
Same author

Identification of heart rate dynamics during treadmill exercise: comparison of first- and second-order models.

Biomedical engineering online·2021
Same journal

Deep Reinforcement Learning Sensor Scheduling for Effective Monitoring of Dynamical Systems.

Systems science & control engineering·2024
Same journal

Covid-19 Diagnosis by WE-SAJ.

Systems science & control engineering·2022
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice
04:45

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice

Published on: May 5, 2022

2.6K

Heart rate control using first- and second-order models during treadmill exercise.

Hanjie Wang1, Kenneth J Hunt1

  • 1Institute for Rehabilitation and Performance Technology, Division of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland.

Systems Science & Control Engineering
|October 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study compared first- and second-order heart rate control models. Second-order models did not improve tracking accuracy but increased control signal power, suggesting no benefit for this application.

Keywords:
Controlfeedback controlfrequency domain methodlinear systems

More Related Videos

Software for Analysis of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Time-series Data from the Valsalva Maneuver
14:28

Software for Analysis of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Time-series Data from the Valsalva Maneuver

Published on: June 27, 2025

507
Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach
07:49

Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach

Published on: July 21, 2023

1.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice
04:45

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice

Published on: May 5, 2022

2.6K
Software for Analysis of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Time-series Data from the Valsalva Maneuver
14:28

Software for Analysis of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Time-series Data from the Valsalva Maneuver

Published on: June 27, 2025

507
Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach
07:49

Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach

Published on: July 21, 2023

1.6K

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Control Systems Engineering
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Accurate heart rate control is crucial for exercise physiology and rehabilitation.
  • First- and second-order models offer different approaches to dynamic system control.
  • Novel control design strategies can optimize system performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of first- and second-order models for heart rate control.
  • To evaluate tracking accuracy and control signal power using a new control design strategy.
  • To determine if second-order models offer superior performance in heart rate regulation during treadmill exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Ten participants underwent two feedback control test series on a treadmill.
  • Controllers based on first-order (C1) and second-order (C2) models were compared.
  • A repeated measures, counterbalanced design assessed performance with square wave and constant references.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in root-mean-square tracking error (RMSE) was found between C1 and C2 in either test series.
  • Average control signal power was significantly higher for C2 controllers compared to C1.
  • Second-order models demonstrated increased dynamism without improving tracking accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence does not support the use of second-order models over first-order models for improved heart rate tracking accuracy.
  • The increased control signal power associated with second-order models warrants further investigation.
  • Larger sample sizes are recommended for future studies to confirm these findings.