Yield Response from the Catalytic Conversion of Parsley Seed Oil into Biodiesel Using a Heterogeneous and Homogeneous...

Area of Science:

• Green Chemistry
• Catalysis
• Biomass Conversion

Background:

• Parsley seed oil (PSO) is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production.
• Developing efficient and sustainable catalysts is crucial for biodiesel synthesis.
• Waste-derived materials offer a promising route for heterogeneous catalyst development.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate optimal conditions for PSO transesterification using a heterogeneous catalyst derived from chicken bones.
• To compare the performance of the heterogeneous catalyst with a homogenous catalyst (KOH).
• To characterize the synthesized catalyst and the resulting biodiesel.

Main Methods:

• Heterogeneous catalyst synthesis from waste chicken bones via calcination.
• Catalyst characterization using SEM, XRF, EDS, FT-IR, and XRD.
• Optimization of transesterification parameters (alcohol:oil ratio, temperature, catalyst loading) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
• Biodiesel yield determination and characterization using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).

Main Results:

• The synthesized heterogeneous catalyst, primarily hydroxyapatite, showed good reusability and catalytic activity.
• Optimal conditions (9:1 alcohol:oil ratio, 60 °C, 3 wt% catalyst) yielded 90% biodiesel from PSO.
• The homogenous catalyst achieved a higher average yield of 96.33% under identical conditions.
• The produced biodiesel met ASTM D6751 fuel quality standards.

Conclusions:

• Waste chicken bones can be effectively converted into a hydroxyapatite-based heterogeneous catalyst for PSO transesterification.
• While the heterogeneous catalyst shows promise, the homogenous catalyst remains more efficient for this specific reaction.
• The study demonstrates the feasibility of producing ASTM-compliant biodiesel from parsley seed oil.