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Related Concept Videos

Prosopagnosia01:24

Prosopagnosia

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Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
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Visual Agnosia01:12

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Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...
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The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Nonconscious mimicry occurs when individuals alter their mannerisms to match the behaviors and expressions of those nearby, without intention.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior
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[The "Tortoni effect" in prosopagnosia].

Leandro M Kim1, Guido Dorman1, Laura Ottone1

  • 1División Neurología, Hospital José María Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Medicina
|October 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Prosopagnosia, or face blindness, can result from head trauma causing bilateral temporo-occipital injury. An unusual compensatory strategy, termed the "Tortoni effect," was observed in a patient with this rare condition.

Keywords:
acquired prosopagnosiacranio-cerebral traumafacial recognitionneuropsychological testvisual agnosia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Prosopagnosia is a visual agnosia characterized by the inability to recognize faces, with apperceptive and associative variants.
  • The 'Tortoni effect' describes a compensatory strategy used by waiters to remember table orders, involving spatial memory.
  • Acquired prosopagnosia from focal temporo-occipital lesions is rare, often bilateral and right-dominant.

Observation:

  • A 62-year-old female with severe head trauma developed prosopagnosia.
  • She exhibited an associative strategy, similar to the 'Tortoni effect,' to compensate for face recognition deficits.
  • Family members noted her difficulty recognizing them unless their seating positions remained unchanged.

Findings:

  • Brain MRI revealed bilateral temporo-occipital lesions secondary to head trauma.
  • The patient's initial manifestation of prosopagnosia involved a spatial-based compensatory strategy.
  • This case highlights a rare instance of acquired prosopagnosia linked to temporo-occipital injury.

Implications:

  • The 'Tortoni effect' strategy may serve as an early indicator for prosopagnosia screening.
  • Ecological neuropsychological tests incorporating this strategy could aid in early detection.
  • Understanding compensatory mechanisms is crucial for diagnosing and managing prosopagnosia.