Each phospholipase A₂ type exhibits distinct selectivity toward sn-1 ester, alkyl ether, and vinyl ether...

Glycerophospholipids are major components of cell membranes and have enormous variation in the composition of fatty acyl chains esterified on the sn-1 and sn-2 position as well as the polar head groups on the sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone. Phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) enzymes constitute a superfamily of enzymes which play a critical role in metabolism and signal transduction by hydrolyzing the sn-2 acyl chains of glycerophospholipids. In human cell membranes, in addition to the conventional diester phospholipids, a significant amount is the sn-1 ether-linked phospholipids which play a critical role in numerous biological activities. However, precisely how PLA₂s distinguish the sn-1 acyl chain linkage is not understood. In the present study, we expanded the technique of lipidomics to determine the unique in vitro specificity of three major human PLA₂s, including Group IVA cytosolic cPLA₂, Group VIA calcium-independent iPLA₂, and Group V secreted sPLA₂ toward the linkage at the sn-1 position. Interestingly, cPLA₂ prefers sn-1 vinyl ether phospholipids known as plasmalogens over conventional ester phospholipids and the sn-1 alkyl ether phospholipids. iPLA₂ showed similar activity toward vinyl ether and ester phospholipids at the sn-1 position. Surprisingly, sPLA₂ preferred ester phospholipids over alkyl and vinyl ether phospholipids. By taking advantage of molecular dynamics simulations, we found that Trp30 in the sPLA₂ active site dominates its specificity for diester phospholipids.