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Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
The Anatomy of Glenoid Concavity-Bony and Osteochondral Assessment of a Stability-Related Parameter
Jens Wermers1, Michael J Raschke1, Marcel Wilken2
1Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
Abstract:
Glenoid concavity is a crucial factor for glenohumeral stability. However, the distribution of this stability-related parameter has not been focused on in anatomical studies. In this retrospective study, computed tomography (CT) data and tactile measurements of n = 27 human cadaveric glenoids were analyzed with respect to concavity. For this purpose, the bony and osteochondral shoulder stability ratio (BSSR/OSSR) were determined based on the radius and depth of the glenoid shape in eight directions. Various statistical tests were performed for the comparison of directional concavity and analysis of the relationship between superoinferior and anteroposterior concavity. The results proved that glenoid concavity is the least distinctive in anterior, posterior, and anterosuperior direction but increases significantly toward the superior, anteroinferior, and posteroinferior glenoid. The OSSR showed significantly higher concavity than the BSSR for most of the directions considered. Moreover, the anteroposterior concavity is linearly correlated with superoinferior concavity. The nonuniform distribution of concavity indicates directions with higher stability provided by the anatomy. The linear relationship between anteroposterior and superoinferior concavity may motivate future research using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to optimize clinical decision-making toward more personalized treatment of glenoid bone loss.
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