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When measuring distances in areas with physical obstructions, such as a lake in a field, surveyors must employ techniques to calculate accurate lengths without direct line measurements. One effective method is the offset technique, which allows for precise distance estimation over inaccessible stretches.In this scenario, a surveyor must measure a side of an area that crosses a lake. Since the measuring tape cannot span the lake, the surveyor begins by establishing a baseline that aligns with...
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Local attraction refers to disturbances in compass readings caused by magnetic influences from nearby objects such as metal fences, buried pipes, vehicles, buildings, power lines, or natural iron ore deposits. Small items like wristwatches, steel tools, or belt buckles can also interfere with the compass by creating local magnetic fields that distort the Earth's natural magnetic field. These distortions lead to inaccurate readings, posing navigation and land surveying challenges.Local...
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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Tapes are essential in surveying for accurate, durable, and short-distance measurements. Made from lightweight, nylon-coated steel, they offer flexibility and strength for rugged outdoor use. The nylon coating protects against rust and wear, extending the tape's life. Standard lengths, around 30 meters, are marked in meters and millimeters for precision.Surveyors select tapes based on site conditions and accuracy needs. Lightweight, nylon-coated tapes are commonly used for ease of handling and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material
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Observability Study on Passive Target Localization by Conic-Angle Measurements.

Taeil Suh1, Woochan Kim1

  • 1Naval Combat Systems PMO, Maritime Technology Research Institute, Agency Defense Development, Changwon-si 51698, Korea.

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|October 13, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores 3D target localization using passive sensors and conic angle data. Sensor maneuvers are analyzed to ensure system observability for accurate target state estimation.

Keywords:
observability analysispassive linear array sensorpassive target localizationtarget tracking

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics and Control Systems
  • Sensor Fusion and Signal Processing
  • Navigation and Guidance

Background:

  • Passive sensors provide target information based on conic angles in 3D space.
  • Target localization systems require 3D design due to the nature of conic angle data.
  • System observability is crucial for accurate state estimation in passive localization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct an observability study of a passive target localization system using conic angle information.
  • To determine sensor maneuver requirements for achieving system observability.
  • To validate the analytical findings through simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing conic angle information from a passive linear array sensor.
  • Applying local linearization of the Fisher information matrix to derive observability conditions.
  • Analyzing sensor maneuver requirements for system observability.
  • Performing simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Main Results:

  • Derived sensor maneuver requirements that satisfy system observability conditions.
  • Identified mitigation strategies for observability requirements when target-sensor depth difference is known.
  • Simulations confirmed that the proposed sensor maneuvers yield meaningful data for 3D target state estimation.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed sensor maneuver strategy ensures observability for 3D passive target localization.
  • The study provides a framework for designing effective passive target localization systems.
  • Conic angle information, combined with appropriate sensor motion, enables accurate 3D target state estimation.