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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Cell migration, the process by which cells move from one location to another, is essential for the proper development and viability of organisms throughout their life. When cells are not able to migrate properly to their ordained locations, various disorders may occur. For example, disruption in cell migration causes chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Direct Force Measurements of Subcellular Mechanics in Confinement using Optical Tweezers
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Nuclear positioning during development: Pushing, pulling and flowing.

Ojas Deshpande1, Ivo A Telley1

  • 1Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|October 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear positioning is vital for cell functions and development. This review explores the biophysical mechanisms and models of nuclear positioning, highlighting current knowledge and open questions in the field.

Keywords:
Cytoplasmic flowCytoskeletonEffects of scalingEmbryo sizeMicrotubuleNuclear divisionSyncytial cleavage

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Nuclear positioning is a regulated process essential for cell cycle, differentiation, migration, and polarity.
  • Defective nuclear positioning is linked to cellular dysfunction and embryonic lethality.
  • It is a critical precursor for cell division and daughter cell fate determination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of nuclear positioning mechanisms.
  • To discuss various biophysical models of nuclear positioning.
  • To identify and outline key open questions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on nuclear positioning.
  • Analysis of cytoskeletal elements, linker proteins, and force-generating mechanisms.
  • Discussion of cell context-dependent models and biophysical force models.

Main Results:

  • While cytoskeletal elements and linker proteins are known, the precise biophysical mechanisms of nuclear positioning remain debated.
  • Different force models are proposed, but considerable uncertainty exists regarding the driving forces.
  • Nuclear positioning is crucial in early embryonic development, e.g., Drosophila syncytial embryos.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear positioning is a complex, actively regulated process with significant implications for cell function and development.
  • Further research is needed to resolve the biophysical mechanisms and validate different force models.
  • Understanding nuclear positioning is key to addressing cellular and developmental abnormalities.