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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Protocols to Dissolve Amorphous Urate Crystals in Urine.

Kristina Jackson Behan1, Michael A Johnston2,3

  • 1Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, USA.

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|October 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Prewarming urine specimens effectively dissolves amorphous urate crystals, improving urinalysis clarity. Sodium hydroxide can dissolve urates but negatively impacts white blood cell and red blood cell counts.

Keywords:
amorphous uratescrystal solubilitymicroscopyurinalysisurine crystalsurine sediment

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Urology

Background:

  • Amorphous urate crystals frequently interfere with urinalysis.
  • A standardized method to mitigate their interference is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate methods for dissolving amorphous urate crystals in urine specimens.
  • To determine the impact of these methods on other urinalysis findings.

Main Methods:

  • Urine specimens were analyzed, with those forming amorphous urates treated with sodium hydroxide or heat.
  • Specimens were tested at various sodium hydroxide dilutions (1:2, 1:4) and temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Amorphous urates formed in concentrated, acidic urine.
  • Sodium hydroxide dissolved urates, aiding visualization of bacteria and yeast but reducing white blood cell and red blood cell counts.
  • Prewarming specimens to 60°C for 90 seconds dissolved most amorphous urates.

Conclusions:

  • Prewarming urine specimens is a recommended protocol to eliminate amorphous urate interference.
  • Sodium hydroxide is effective for dissolving urates to detect bacteria and yeast but adversely affects cell counts.