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Related Concept Videos

Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
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The platelet phase, the second stage of hemostasis, commences around 15-20 seconds after an injury. It follows and overlaps with the vascular phase, during which blood vessels constrict to minimize blood loss.
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[Epistaxis-overview and current aspects].

Kruthika Thangavelu1, Sabine Köhnlein2, Behfar Eivazi2,3

  • 1Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043, Marburg, Deutschland. kruthika.thangavelu@uk-gm.de.

HNO
|October 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nosebleeds, or epistaxis, are common but rarely require medical intervention. Treatment ranges from simple compression to advanced procedures like embolization for severe cases.

Keywords:
HemorrhageHereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasiaNasal bleedingNose diseasesVascular diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Nosebleeds (epistaxis) affect up to 60% of the population during their lifetime.
  • Most cases are minor, with only 6% requiring medical intervention.
  • Epistaxis can indicate underlying systemic diseases, notably Rendu-Osler-Weber disease (HHT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, common causes, and management strategies for epistaxis.
  • To highlight the significance of epistaxis as a symptom of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).
  • To outline current therapeutic interventions for managing nosebleeds.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epistaxis epidemiology and treatment modalities.
  • Analysis of common causes, including anterior nasal sources (Kiesselbach's plexus) and systemic conditions.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic options from first-aid to surgical and interventional procedures.

Main Results:

  • Anterior epistaxis, often from Kiesselbach's plexus, is most common.
  • Bidigital compression is the primary treatment.
  • Advanced treatments include electrocoagulation, silver nitrate cauterization, nasal tampons, and embolization for refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • While most nosebleeds are self-limiting, persistent or severe cases necessitate medical evaluation.
  • Identifying epistaxis as a potential HHT symptom is crucial for early diagnosis and management.
  • A stepwise approach to treatment, from conservative measures to interventional radiology, ensures effective epistaxis control.