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Leprosy in wild chimpanzees.

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Leprosy (caused by Mycobacterium leprae) was found in wild chimpanzees in West Africa, indicating the bacteria may circulate in more wildlife than previously thought. This discovery highlights potential new reservoirs for the disease beyond humans and known animal hosts.

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Area of Science:

  • Zoological medicine
  • Primate health
  • Infectious diseases

Background:

  • Humans are the primary host for Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy.
  • Spillover events have established leprosy in maintenance hosts like armadillos and red squirrels.
  • Naturally acquired leprosy in captive nonhuman primates has been documented, but infection origins remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate leprosy-like lesions in wild western chimpanzee populations.
  • To identify the causative agent and its genetic characteristics in affected chimpanzees.
  • To understand the potential for Mycobacterium leprae circulation in wild primate populations.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal monitoring of wild chimpanzee populations in Guinea-Bissau and Côte d'Ivoire.
  • Screening of faecal and necropsy samples for Mycobacterium leprae.
  • Phylogenomic comparison of chimpanzee M. leprae strains with known human and animal strains.

Main Results:

  • Leprosy-like lesions and disease progression were observed in two wild western chimpanzee populations.
  • Mycobacterium leprae was confirmed as the causative agent in affected chimpanzees.
  • Chimpanzee M. leprae strains belonged to rare genotypes (4N/O and 2F), distinct from common human and animal strains.

Conclusions:

  • Wild chimpanzees are susceptible to leprosy, presenting clinical signs compatible with advanced disease.
  • Mycobacterium leprae circulates in wild chimpanzee populations, suggesting broader wildlife involvement in leprosy transmission.
  • The findings indicate potential exposure to humans or unknown environmental sources for M. leprae in wildlife.