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Long COVID: long-term effects?

Alessandro Di Toro1, Antonio Bozzani2, Guido Tavazzi3,4

  • 1Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Transplant Research Area and Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long COVID, a persistent condition after COVID-19, presents diverse symptoms affecting multiple organs, notably the cardiovascular system. Further research is needed to establish diagnostic protocols for this complex post-viral syndrome.

Keywords:
COVID 19CardiovascularLong COVIDPost-COVID SARS-CoV-2

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Long COVID (Post COVID) is defined by symptoms persisting over 12 weeks post-COVID-19 infection.
  • Clinical manifestations are heterogeneous, indicating multi-organ system involvement, including the cardiovascular system.
  • Common symptoms include fatigue, breathlessness, myalgia, headache, cognitive impairment, and reduced psychophysical performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the heterogeneous clinical manifestations of Long COVID.
  • To highlight cardiovascular involvement in Long COVID, including palpitations, chest pain, thromboembolism, heart failure, stroke, and myo-pericarditis.
  • To discuss the diagnostic challenges and the need for a shared diagnostic framework.

Main Methods:

  • Patient symptom narrative forms the basis of current diagnosis.
  • Lack of established biomarkers or instrumental findings for a unified diagnostic approach.
  • Ongoing clinical observation and research into potential diagnostic tools.

Main Results:

  • Cardiovascular symptoms are prevalent, ranging from palpitations to severe events like thromboembolism and myo-pericarditis.
  • Diagnostic criteria rely heavily on patient-reported symptoms.
  • A shared diagnostic framework incorporating biomarkers, ECG, imaging, and monitoring is lacking.

Conclusions:

  • Long COVID presents a complex, multi-systemic condition with significant cardiovascular implications.
  • Current diagnostic approaches for Long COVID are primarily subjective.
  • There is a critical need to develop standardized diagnostic protocols to identify at-risk patients and manage Long COVID effectively.