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Cardiovascular responses to dynamic and static upper-body exercise in a cold environment in coronary artery disease
Rasmus I P Valtonen1,2, Heidi H E Hintsala1,3, Antti Kiviniemi4
1Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
Purpose:
Upper-body exercise performed in a cold environment may increase cardiovascular strain, which could be detrimental to patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study compared cardiovascular responses of CAD patients during graded upper-body dynamic and static exercise in cold and neutral environments.
Methods:
20 patients with stable CAD performed 30 min of progressive dynamic (light, moderate, and heavy rating of perceived exertion) and static (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction) upper body exercise in cold (- 15 °C) and neutral (+ 22 °C) environments. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiographic (ECG) responses were recorded and rate pressure product (RPP) calculated.
Results:
Dynamic-graded upper-body exercise in the cold increased HR by 2.3-4.8% (p = 0.002-0.040), MAP by 3.9-5.9% (p = 0.038-0.454) and RPP by 18.1-24.4% (p = 0.002-0.020) when compared to the neutral environment. Static graded upper-body exercise in the cold resulted in higher MAP (6.3-9.1%; p = 0.000-0.014), lower HR (4.1-7.2%; p = 0.009-0.033), but unaltered RPP compared to a neutral environment. Heavy dynamic exercise resulted in ST depression that was not related to temperature. Otherwise, ECG was largely unaltered during exercise in either thermal condition.
Conclusions:
Dynamic- and static-graded upper-body exercise in the cold involves higher cardiovascular strain compared with a neutral environment among patients with stable CAD. However, no marked changes in electric cardiac function were observed. The results support the use of upper-body exercise in the cold in patients with stable CAD.
Trial Registration:
Clinical trial registration NCT02855905 August 2016.
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