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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

285
Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

494
Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and...
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Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients01:15

Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients

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Bioavailability studies are essential for evaluating a drug's therapeutic efficacy and understanding its absorption patterns under various physiological conditions. Conducting such studies on target patient populations provides more relevant data by simulating real-world disease states. However, practical challenges often necessitate the use of young, healthy adult volunteers as study subjects.Patients may exhibit altered drug absorption patterns due to the effects of the disease itself,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
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The MuSC-19 study: The Egyptian cohort.

Magd Zakaria1, Marta Ponzano2, Irene Schiavetti2

  • 1Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
|October 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Egyptian multiple sclerosis (MS) patients on disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) experienced mild COVID-19 outcomes, with 91% recovering favorably. Headache was linked to severe COVID-19, but DMDs showed an acceptable safety profile.

Keywords:
15%COVID-19EgyptMuSC19Multiple sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological condition.
  • The impact of COVID-19 on MS patients, particularly those on disease-modifying drugs (DMDs), requires investigation.
  • Understanding COVID-19 severity in MS is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the severity of COVID-19 in Egyptian multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.
  • To evaluate the impact of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) on COVID-19 outcomes in this cohort.
  • To identify risk factors for severe COVID-19 in MS patients.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 119 Egyptian MS patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 was studied.
  • Data were collected from May to September 2020.
  • Univariate logistic regression analyzed risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes (hospitalization, ICU admission, death).

Main Results:

  • The majority of patients (91%) had favorable COVID-19 outcomes.
  • Only 9% experienced severe outcomes, and 3% died.
  • Headache was significantly associated with severe COVID-19 (OR=10.85, P=0.001), while DMDs showed no association with severity.

Conclusions:

  • Disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) demonstrated an acceptable safety profile in Egyptian MS patients with COVID-19.
  • The study highlights a favorable outcome for most MS patients contracting COVID-19.
  • Further research is needed to validate headache as a predictor of severe COVID-19 in this population.