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3D Printed Biodegradable Polyurethaneurea Elastomer Recapitulates Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function.

Seyda Gokyer1, Emel Yilgor2, Iskender Yilgor2

  • 1Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara 06560, Turkey.

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Summary

Researchers developed new 3D-printable elastomeric copolymers for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. These novel materials promote significant muscle regeneration in vivo, addressing limitations of existing biomaterials for elastic tissue scaffolds.

Keywords:
3D printingengineered musclepolyurethanepolyurethaneureaskeletal muscletibialis anterior defect

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Effective skeletal muscle tissue engineering requires scaffolds with controlled architecture and mechanical properties matching native tissue.
  • Current 3D printing biomaterials, including synthetic and natural polymers, face limitations in elasticity, durability, and degradation profiles for soft tissue applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel, biocompatible, biodegradable, elastomeric polyurethane and polyurethaneurea (TPU) copolymers suitable for 3D printing.
  • To evaluate the suitability of these new TPUs as scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering, focusing on mechanical properties, degradation, and *in vitro* and *in vivo* performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of novel elastomeric segmented polyurethane and polyurethaneurea (TPU) copolymers.
  • 3D printing of TPU scaffolds and characterization of their mechanical properties, elasticity, and wettability.
  • *In vitro* studies with C2C12 mouse myoblasts to assess cell behavior and tissue formation.
  • *In vivo* studies in a rat tibialis anterior defect model to evaluate muscle regeneration using immunohistochemistry, EMG, and force measurements.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized TPUs exhibited high elasticity, low modulus, controlled biodegradability, and improved wettability compared to PCL and PCL-based TPUs.
  • 3D printed TPU scaffolds demonstrated limited activated macrophage adhesion *in vitro* and induced muscle-like structure formation.
  • *In vivo* implantation led to significant skeletal muscle regeneration, confirmed by histological, EMG, and force generation analyses.
  • Cell-laden scaffolds promoted enhanced muscle-like structure formation as observed via Micro-CT.

Conclusions:

  • Tailor-made elastomeric TPUs are promising biomaterials for 3D printing skeletal muscle tissue engineering scaffolds.
  • Matching scaffold mechanical properties to native tissue is crucial for successful regenerative outcomes.
  • These novel TPUs offer a viable solution for creating elastic, durable, and biodegradable scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration.