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Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test II01:17

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The Wald-Wolfowitz runs test, commonly referred to as the runs test, is a nonparametric test used to assess the randomness of ordered data. The test evaluates the number of runs, which are consecutive sequences of similar elements within the data. If the number of runs is significantly higher or lower than expected, the data is considered non-random, indicating a detectable pattern or structure.
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Range-wide indicators of African great ape density distribution.

Isabel Ordaz-Németh1, Tenekwetche Sop1, Bala Amarasekaran2

  • 1Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.

American Journal of Primatology
|October 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study models African great ape density across continents, finding lower densities with increased human activity and higher densities in Central Africa. Conservation efforts should prioritize areas outside protected zones to effectively protect great ape populations.

Keywords:
BonoboIUCN SSC A.P.E.S. databasechimpanzeegorillarange-wide assessment

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology and Conservation Biology
  • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  • Population Dynamics

Background:

  • Species distribution is shaped by multi-scale processes, necessitating multi-scale modeling for accurate understanding.
  • Previous models often focus on single scales, limiting insights into factors driving species distribution.
  • Continent-wide modeling of great ape density is crucial for effective conservation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the continent-wide density distribution of African great apes.
  • To identify socioeconomic and environmental drivers of great ape densities at a continental scale.
  • To predict the range-wide density distribution of African great apes for the year 2015.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled great ape abundance estimates from 156 sites and defined 134 pseudo-absence sites.
  • Utilized seven socioeconomic and environmental covariate layers.
  • Fitted a generalized linear model and employed an Akaike-weighted average of models for prediction.

Main Results:

  • Great ape densities were inversely related to Human Footprint and Gross Domestic Product.
  • Highest predicted densities were observed in Central Africa, with lowest in West Africa.
  • Only 10.7% of the predicted population resides within IUCN Category I and II protected areas.

Conclusions:

  • Current protected areas may not encompass the majority of the great ape population.
  • Model estimations align with previous studies for most countries, but suggest higher populations in CAR, DRC, Liberia, and South Sudan.
  • Future research should focus on improving models for dynamic, range-wide great ape monitoring.