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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Mice have long served as models for studying human biology and pathology because of their phylogenetic and physiological similarity with humans. They are also easy to maintain and breed in the laboratory, and hence, many inbred strains are now available for research. Studies on mice have contributed immeasurably to our understanding of cancer biology.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication
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The Dog as a Model to Study the Tumor Microenvironment.

Maria I Carvalho1, Teresa P Raposo2, Ricardo Silva-Carvalho3

  • 1Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|October 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cancer progression involves complex tumor microenvironment interactions. Key cells like macrophages and T-lymphocytes, along with lactate production, significantly impact immune response and cancer aggressiveness in humans and dogs.

Keywords:
AdipocytesAnimal modelB-lymphocytesCancerCancer metabolismCancer stem cellsDogEndothelial cellsExtracellular matrixFibroblastsLactate influxMacrophagesNervesT-lymphocytesTumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cancer progression relies on tumor microenvironment (TME) crosstalk.
  • Macrophages and T-lymphocytes are crucial in tumor initiation and progression.
  • Tumor cells manipulate the TME to evade immune surveillance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complexity of the TME.
  • To focus on macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and lactate's impact.
  • To highlight similarities in human and canine comparative oncology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on tumor microenvironment.
  • Analysis of immune cell roles (macrophages, T-lymphocytes).
  • Examination of metabolic reprogramming and lactate production.

Main Results:

  • TME dysfunction promotes immune tolerance and M2 macrophage polarization.
  • Biomarkers like COX-2, EGFR, VEGF are linked to aggressiveness.
  • Lactate production alters pH and impairs immune cell function.

Conclusions:

  • The TME significantly influences cancer outcomes.
  • Macrophages and T-lymphocytes are key players in cancer immunity.
  • Comparative oncology studies in dogs offer valuable insights into human cancer.