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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

9.4K
In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
11.1K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

13.8K
Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
13.8K
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation01:22

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

4.5K
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is...
4.5K
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

19.2K
Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
19.2K
Oxygenic Photosynthesis01:26

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

342
Oxygenic photosynthesis is a fundamental process in which light energy is harnessed to drive the oxidation of water, leading to the production of molecular oxygen (O₂), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This process is essential for sustaining aerobic life on Earth and is primarily carried out by cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The core of oxygenic photosynthesis lies in the thylakoid membranes, where chlorophyll pigments facilitate...
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Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Boride-derived oxygen-evolution catalysts.

Ning Wang1,2, Aoni Xu2, Pengfei Ou2

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.

Nature Communications
|October 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New metal borate catalysts show excellent long-term stability for oxygen evolution and water splitting. Derived from metal borides, these catalysts enable efficient and stable electrochemical reactions for clean energy applications.

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Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance
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Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance
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Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Metal borides and borates are promising oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts.
  • Limited long-term stability data exists for these materials at practical current densities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop highly active and stable boride/borate-based catalysts for OER.
  • To investigate the role of in-situ formed metal borates in catalyst activity.
  • To demonstrate the application of these catalysts in water splitting and CO2 reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Phase composition modulation approach for catalyst fabrication.
  • Synthesis of NiFe-Boride as a precursor for NiFe-Borate catalyst.
  • Electrochemical testing in 1 M KOH electrolyte for OER and water splitting.
  • Integration into an alkaline membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer for CO2 reduction.

Main Results:

  • NiFe-Borate catalyst exhibits an overpotential of 167 mV at 10 mA/cm² for OER.
  • Achieved record-low overpotential of 460 mV for sustained water splitting over 400 hours at 1 A/cm².
  • Demonstrated stable C2H4 electrosynthesis at 200 mA/cm² for over 80 hours when coupled with CO reduction.

Conclusions:

  • In-situ formed metal borates are key to the high activity of metal boride/borate catalysts.
  • The developed NiFe-Borate catalyst offers exceptional stability and efficiency for water splitting.
  • This catalyst system shows potential for efficient electrochemical synthesis of valuable products like ethylene from CO2.