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$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

Published on: December 10, 2011

An innovative data processing method for studying nanoparticle formation in droplet microfluidics using X-rays

Dimitri Radajewski¹, Liam Hunter¹, Xuefeng He¹

¹School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. dimitri.radajewski@gmail.com.

|October 21, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a microfluidic device for in situ X-ray scattering analysis of nanoparticle formation. It enables rapid, automated data processing for accurate size and structure evolution insights.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Chemical Engineering

Background:

X-ray scattering is crucial for nanoparticle characterization in solution.
Microfluidic devices offer controlled environments for in situ analysis.
Analyzing time-resolved scattering data from microfluidics is challenging due to complex datasets.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a robust, low-cost microfluidic device for in situ X-ray scattering.
To establish an efficient data processing method for microfluidic scattering experiments.
To investigate the formation of magnetite nanoparticles using this platform.

Main Methods:

Utilized a segmented-flow droplet microfluidic device with lateral X-ray analysis outlets.
Employed simultaneous synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS).
Developed a two-step automated data processing method to isolate droplet signals and subtract background.

Main Results:

Successfully characterized magnetite nanoparticle formation in situ.
Obtained quantitative data on nanoparticle size and structure evolution.
Demonstrated agreement between X-ray scattering data and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations.

Conclusions:

The developed microfluidic device and data processing method enable efficient time-resolved nanoparticle characterization.
This versatile platform facilitates the study of dynamic processes in heterogeneous systems.
The approach provides valuable insights into nanoparticle formation mechanisms.