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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
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Phosphorylation01:02

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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
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The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

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Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily...
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Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Assaying for Inorganic Polyphosphate in Bacteria
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Assaying for Inorganic Polyphosphate in Bacteria

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Inorganic phosphate-induced cytotoxicity.

Rachel Alexander1, Nicholas Debiec1, Mohammad S Razzaque2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA.

IUBMB Life
|October 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maintaining phosphate balance is vital for cell health. Excessive inorganic phosphate (Pi) can lead to cell damage, impacting various bodily functions and causing diseases.

Keywords:
cytotoxicityphosphate

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Phosphate is an essential nutrient crucial for cellular homeostasis, DNA/RNA synthesis, and cell signaling.
  • Imbalances in phosphate levels (deficiency or excess) can lead to significant pathologies.
  • Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a key form of phosphate relevant to cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulation of phosphate homeostasis.
  • To elaborate on the cytotoxic effects of excessive inorganic phosphate (Pi).

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on phosphate homeostasis.
  • Analysis of cell-based models demonstrating Pi toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Excessive Pi disrupts cell signaling pathways.
  • High Pi levels are linked to impaired bone mineralization and vascular calcification.
  • Cytotoxicity from Pi overload affects multiple organ systems, including kidneys.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphate homeostasis is critical for preventing cellular dysfunction.
  • Excessive inorganic phosphate (Pi) poses a significant risk, inducing a range of cytotoxic effects.
  • Understanding Pi toxicity is essential for managing related pathologies.