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Axonal spheroids in neurodegeneration.

Yu Yong1, Sarah Hunter-Chang2, Ekaterina Stepanova1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.

Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences
|October 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Axonal spheroids are bubble-like structures in degenerating axons. Their rupture can accelerate neurodegeneration, highlighting their role in disease and potential as therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
Axonal spheroidsCytoskeletonDegenerationNeurodegenerative disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neurobiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases

Background:

  • Axonal spheroids are observed in degenerating axons under various triggers like injury and stress.
  • These structures contain cytoskeletal elements, organelles, and disease-associated proteins (e.g., APP, ubiquitin).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the known structure, regulation, and function of axonal spheroids.
  • To explore the role of axonal spheroids in neurodegenerative processes and their therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review summarizing over 100 years of research on axonal spheroids.
  • Analysis of spheroid formation, composition, and implications in neurodegeneration.

Main Results:

  • Spheroid formation depends on axonal tension, cytoskeleton, and calcium levels.
  • Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure suggests a role in phagocytosis and debris clearance.
  • Spheroid rupture releases pro-degenerative factors, accelerating neurodegeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Axonal spheroids are critical in neurodegenerative processes, influencing disease etiology.
  • Understanding spheroid dynamics offers insights into neuroprotection and potential therapeutic strategies.