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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

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Extracellular Vesicles in Human Milk.

Yong Hu1,2, Johannes Thaler3, Rienk Nieuwland1

  • 1Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human milk contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) that promote blood clotting, unlike bovine milk EVs. This review explores milk EVs, their functions, and potential applications.

Keywords:
breast feedingdevelopmentextracellular vesiclesimmuneinfantinflammatory intestinal diseasemilk

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Neonatal Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Milk composition includes extracellular vesicles (EVs), with recent studies highlighting their presence and potential roles.
  • Human milk EVs possess unique properties, such as exposing tissue factor, which initiates blood coagulation.
  • Significant differences exist in the biological functions of milk EVs across species, notably between human and bovine milk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • To explore the biochemical composition, functions, and potential clinical applications of milk EVs.
  • To compare human milk EVs with those from non-human milk, focusing on functional distinctions and in vivo challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on milk extracellular vesicles.
  • Comparative analysis of human and bovine milk EV composition and function.
  • Discussion of in vivo survival challenges for milk EVs in the neonatal gastrointestinal tract.

Main Results:

  • Human milk EVs contain tissue factor and exhibit pro-coagulant activity.
  • Bovine milk EVs, despite their presence, lack the pro-coagulant activity observed in human milk EVs.
  • Milk EVs face unique survival challenges within the neonatal digestive system.

Conclusions:

  • Human milk EVs play a distinct role in infant physiology, particularly in coagulation.
  • Understanding species-specific functions of milk EVs is crucial for potential therapeutic applications.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the full biological significance and clinical utility of milk EVs.