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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Controlling Molecular Aggregation-Induced Emission by Controlled Polymerization.

Yinyin Bao1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 23, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) polymers are synthesized using controlled polymerization methods. This study summarizes techniques and analyzes parameters affecting AIE polymer photophysical properties for future design guidelines.

Keywords:
aggregation-induced emissioncontrolled radical polymerizationfluorescent polymerring-opening polymerizationsingle fluorophore

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Photophysics

Background:

  • Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) materials have significantly advanced in the last two decades.
  • AIE small molecules, polymers, and composites show promise in optoelectronics and biomedical fields.
  • Well-defined AIE polymers are less explored compared to AIE small molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize polymerization techniques for well-defined AIE polymers.
  • To analyze key parameters influencing AIE polymer photophysical properties.
  • To provide guidelines for AIE polymer design and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of controlled polymerization techniques for AIE polymers.
  • Analysis of structure-property relationships in single-fluorophore AIE polymers.
  • Comparative analysis of representative AIE polymer systems from literature.

Main Results:

  • Controlled polymerization enables synthesis of AIE polymers with tunable properties.
  • Photophysical properties are influenced by monomer choice, chain length, and dispersity.
  • Systematic investigation of AIE polymeric systems is facilitated by single-fluorophore approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Controlled polymerization is key to developing advanced AIE polymers.
  • Understanding structure-property relationships is crucial for optimizing AIE polymer performance.
  • Further research is needed to establish comprehensive design guidelines for AIE polymers.