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Polylactide, Processed by a Foaming Method Using Compressed Freon R134a, for Tissue Engineering.

María Aguado1,2, Laura Saldaña2,3, Eduardo Pérez Del Río1,2

  • 1Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.

Polymers
|October 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Freon R134a gas foaming offers a cost-effective method for creating porous polymer scaffolds. This technique yields scaffolds with improved properties for tissue engineering compared to supercritical CO2 methods.

Keywords:
3D scaffoldsFreon R134abiomaterial engineeringcell growthcompressed fluidsmesenchymal stem cellspolymeric foamsprotein nanoparticlessurface functionalizationtissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Fabricating cost-effective polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering remains a challenge.
  • Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) gas foaming is promising but requires high pressures.
  • Alternative foaming agents are needed to reduce technological barriers and equipment costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of compressed Freon R134a as a foaming agent for polylactide (PLA) scaffold fabrication.
  • To compare the properties of PLA scaffolds produced using Freon R134a with those produced using scCO2.
  • To evaluate the cytocompatibility of Freon R134a-processed PLA scaffolds with human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized compressed Freon R134a for gas foaming of polylactide (PLA) to create porous scaffolds.
  • Processed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds using Freon R134a.
  • Characterized scaffold pore size, total porosity, and mechanical properties.
  • Cultured human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on PLA scaffolds and assessed cell attachment, metabolic activity, morphology, actin cytoskeleton, and fibronectin matrix.
  • Functionalized PLA scaffolds with protein nanoparticles to enhance cytocompatibility.

Main Results:

  • Freon R134a processing resulted in PLA scaffolds with larger pore sizes and higher total porosity compared to scCO2.
  • PLA scaffolds processed with Freon R134a demonstrated appropriate mechanical properties for tissue engineering applications.
  • PLGA scaffolds processed with Freon R134a were highly porous but exhibited a fragile structure.
  • MSCs successfully attached to Freon R134a-processed PLA scaffolds, showing increased metabolic activity and spread morphology with organized cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix components.
  • Functionalization with protein nanoparticles further improved the cytocompatibility of Freon R134a-processed PLA scaffolds.

Conclusions:

  • Compressed Freon R134a is a viable, cost-effective foaming agent for producing porous polymeric scaffolds.
  • This method offers advantages over scCO2 due to lower pressure and temperature requirements.
  • Freon R134a-processed PLA scaffolds support MSC attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, indicating potential for tissue engineering.
  • Freon R134a gas foaming represents an environmentally friendly fabrication technology for tissue engineering scaffolds.