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Raynaud Phenomenon and Other Vasospastic Disorders
Ana I Casanegra1, Roger F Shepherd1
1Vascular Medicine Division, Cardiovascular Department, Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Abstract:
Vasospastic disorders are prevalent in the general population and can affect individuals of any age. Primary (or idiopathic) vasospastic disorders often have a benign course; treatment focuses on the control of symptoms. Secondary vasospastic disorders occur owing to an underlying condition and have an increased risk of complications, including tissue loss and digital ulcerations; treatment should focus on the underlying condition. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of vasospastic disorders, including Raynaud syndrome, acrocyanosis, livedo reticularis, and pernio.
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