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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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What to Do with Incidentally Discovered Pituitary Abnormalities?

Fabienne Langlois1, Maria Fleseriu2

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.

The Medical Clinics of North America
|October 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Pituitary incidentalomas are common findings on brain imaging. Proper evaluation is crucial, as most are benign, but some require specific treatment or surgery.

Keywords:
IncidentalomaMacroadenomaMagnetic resonance imagingMicroadenomaPituitary adenomaProlactinomasRathke cleft cyst

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Pituitary incidentalomas are frequently detected during brain imaging, affecting 10% to 40% of patients.
  • These lesions range from asymptomatic adenomas and Rathke cleft cysts to clinically significant tumors requiring intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evaluation and treatment algorithm for pituitary incidentalomas.
  • To highlight the importance of comprehensive assessment for appropriate patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of patient history and physical examination.
  • Pituitary function testing.
  • Analysis of imaging findings and clinical presentation.

Main Results:

  • Most pituitary incidentalomas have a benign clinical course.
  • A significant proportion of lesions, such as prolactinomas, necessitate specific medical or surgical treatment.
  • Mass effect from larger lesions may cause visual compromise or headaches, indicating surgical candidacy.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach is essential for managing pituitary incidentalomas.
  • Distinguishing between benign and clinically significant lesions ensures optimal patient outcomes.