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Sign Test for Matched Pairs01:17

Sign Test for Matched Pairs

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The sign test for matched pairs offers a robust method for comparing two paired samples, often for the effects of an intervention in one of them. This method is very useful in situations where the underlying distribution of the data is unknown. The test compares two related samples—often pre- and post-treatment measurements on the same subjects—to determine if there are significant differences in their median values.
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The Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs evaluates the null hypothesis by combining the ranks of differences with their signs. It essentially tests whether the median of the differences in a population of matched pairs is zero. Since the test incorporates more information than the sign test, it generally yields more trustable conclusions. This test also does not require the data to follow a normal distribution, but two conditions must be met for it to be applicable: (1) the data must...
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A Pair of "ACEs".

E V Hersh1, M Wolff2, P A Moore3

  • 1Department of Oral Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

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|October 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is crucial in COVID-19. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) therapies are being explored to combat the virus by targeting its entry mechanism and mitigating harmful effects.

Keywords:
ACE inhibitorsACE1ACE2COVID-19angiotensin 2drug delivery systems

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Virology
  • Cardiovascular Science

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has increased interest in drugs targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS).
  • ACE1 inhibitors and Ang II receptor blockers impact hypertension and heart failure by modulating Angiotensin II (Ang II) levels and actions.
  • ACE2 plays a protective role by cleaving Ang II into the anti-inflammatory peptide Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), counteracting Ang II's detrimental effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pharmacology of small molecule inhibitors of the RAS.
  • To discuss novel therapeutic strategies utilizing Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for COVID-19 treatment and prevention.
  • To explore the role of RAS modulation in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on RAS pharmacology.
  • Analysis of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2.
  • Discussion of potential therapeutic applications of ACE2 and RAS inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2, reducing its activity and promoting an imbalance in the RAS, favoring Ang II effects.
  • ACE2 is highly expressed in the oral cavity, making saliva and the tongue significant reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2.
  • Recombinant ACE2 is a promising therapeutic candidate for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting the RAS, particularly through ACE2, offers a potential therapeutic avenue for COVID-19.
  • Understanding the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 is critical for developing effective treatments.
  • Strategies to reduce viral load in the oral cavity may help prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission.