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Related Concept Videos

Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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Types of Selection01:46

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Updated: Jun 13, 2025

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Risky Business: Predator Chemical Cues Mediate Morphological Changes in Freshwater Snails.

M J Wagner1,2,3, P A Moore1,2,3

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Prey snails exposed to predator cues developed thicker shells and grew larger, indicating morphological changes as an antipredator tactic. This research highlights how nonconsumptive predator effects influence prey defenses.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Prey organisms exhibit inducible defenses in response to predator presence, altering physiology, morphology, and behavior.
  • These defenses can reduce predation risk by creating refuges.
  • Previous studies show marine mollusks alter morphology due to size-limited predation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how snail morphology changes under predation risk.
  • To examine the effects of chemical cues from rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) on pointed campeloma snails (Campeloma decisum).

Main Methods:

  • Snails were exposed to chemical cues from rusty crayfish.
  • Morphological changes were quantified by measuring shell crushing force, shell length, aperture width, and weight.
  • Changes in these measurements were compared between exposed snails and control groups.

Main Results:

  • Snails exposed to crayfish cues had significantly stronger shells and greater total shell length.
  • Exposed snails showed significantly more change in shell length but less change in aperture width compared to controls.
  • Crayfish-exposed snails weighed significantly more than control snails.

Conclusions:

  • Gastropod morphology is altered in the presence of predators.
  • These morphological changes may serve as an antipredator tactic directly related to perceived predation risk.
  • Inducible defenses in snails are influenced by nonconsumptive predator effects.