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Development of the Heart

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 15, 2025

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

Published on: May 27, 2022

A framework for developing sex-specific engineered heart models.

Roberta Lock¹, Hadel Al Asafen^2,3, Sharon Fleischer¹

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA.

Nature Reviews. Materials

|October 25, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sex-specific stem cell models are crucial for understanding heart disease. Incorporating sex-based differences in cardiac tissue engineering can improve patient-tailored treatments and advance cardiovascular disease research.

Keywords:

Cardiovascular diseases

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Last Updated: Oct 15, 2025

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Area of Science:

Integrative biology
Regenerative medicine
Cardiovascular research

Background:

Patient-specific stem cell biology and tissue engineering enable in vitro disease modeling.
Sex-related health disparities are often overlooked in stem cell research and preclinical studies.
The cardiovascular system exhibits significant sex-based differences impacting health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To review sex-related properties of cardiac muscle in health and disease.
To propose a framework for integrating sex-based differences into human cardiac tissue engineering.
To explore the potential of sex-specific cardiac models for advancing cardiovascular disease research.

Main Methods:

Analysis of sex-related properties of cardiac muscle.
Discussion of a framework for sex-based integration in cardiac tissue engineering.
Definition of design criteria for sex-specific cardiac tissue engineering.

Main Results:

Sex-based features can be implemented at cellular and tissue levels in engineered cardiac models.
Sex-specific cardiac models offer potential for improved study of cardiovascular diseases.
The review outlines future research directions beyond the cardiovascular system.

Conclusions:

Cardiac tissue engineering must account for sex-based differences for effective patient-tailored treatments.
Developing sex-specific cardiac models is essential for advancing cardiovascular disease research.
The principles discussed can be extended to other organ systems for sex-inclusive research.