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Related Concept Videos

Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts01:20

Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts

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When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
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Plastic Deformations of Members with a Single Plane of Symmetry01:21

Plastic Deformations of Members with a Single Plane of Symmetry

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When a structural member undergoes plastic deformation due to bending, it is crucial to understand the position of the neutral axis and the stress distribution. This member, characterized by a single plane of symmetry, exhibits a uniform stress distribution, with negative stress above the neutral axis and positive stress below. Notably, the neutral axis does not align with the centroid of the cross-section. This misalignment is typical in cases where the cross-section is not rectangular or...
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Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

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When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...
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Morphogenesis02:19

Morphogenesis

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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
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Deformation in a Circular Shaft01:10

Deformation in a Circular Shaft

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One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Cardiac Muscle Cell-based Actuator and Self-stabilizing Biorobot - Part 2
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Programmable deformation of patterned bimorph actuator swarm.

Jia-Nan Ma1, Yong-Lai Zhang1, Dong-Dong Han1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.

National Science Review
|October 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a programmable graphene actuator swarm inspired by cells. This innovation enables complex 3D shape changes in soft robotics by programming underlying SU-8 patterns for advanced smart devices.

Keywords:
actuatorsgraphene oxidemoisture responsivepredictable deformationsoft robots

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Soft Robotics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Graphene-based actuators offer fast, reversible deformation for soft robotics.
  • Current bimorph actuators lack complex, programmable 3D deformation capabilities, limiting applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a moisture-responsive graphene actuator swarm with programmable 3D shape-changing abilities.
  • To overcome limitations of existing bimorph actuators for advanced soft robotic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of SU-8 micropattern arrays with specific geometries and orientations on a graphene oxide film.
  • Formation of a swarm of bimorph actuators through collective coupling and coordination.
  • Programming shape changes via patterned SU-8 layers for moisture-responsive graphene.

Main Results:

  • Achieved predictable and complex deformations including bending, twisting, coiling, and 3D folding.
  • Demonstrated programmable shape-changing capabilities through coordinated actuator swarm behavior.
  • Successfully expanded the deformation possibilities of bilayer actuators.

Conclusions:

  • The developed graphene actuator swarm offers programmable 3D deformation for soft robotics.
  • This approach enhances the versatility of bimorph actuators for smart devices.
  • Inspired by cellular coordination, this method provides a new paradigm for actuator design.